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Leading indicators of systemic banking crises: Finland in a panel of EU countries
(16.06.2014)
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 14/2014
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 14/2014
This paper investigates leading indicators of systemic banking crises in a panel of 11 EU countries, with a particular focus on Finland. We use quarterly data from 1980Q1 to 2013Q2, in order to create a large number of ...
Promoting efficient retail payments in Europe
(25.08.2014)
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 20/2014
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 20/2014
In this article we first document the evidence showing how an efficient retail payment infrastructure enhances economic performance. We then review the policy tools available to promote efficient retail payments in Europe. ...