Haku
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Lone (Loan) Wolf Pack Risk
(16.03.2023)
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 4/2023
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 4/2023
This paper proposes an early-warning bank risk measure based on the syndicate concentration of recent syndicated loans that a bank participates in. At the bank level, higher values of the measure predict greater risks ...
Bank transparency, asset and liquidity risks
(22.04.2025)
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 4/2025
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 4/2025
We study the effects of bank transparency on both banks’ asset and liquidity risks, and ultimately, on banking sector stability and welfare. We show how enhanced bank transparency increases banks’ vulnerability to excessive ...
Estate owners' ensemble : Mapping commercial real estate concentration using Finnish firm ownership
(09.12.2025)
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 12/2025
Bank of Finland Research Discussion Papers 12/2025
The commercial real estate (CRE) market is an important source of financial stability risks, yet ownership structures remain opaque. This paper uses comprehensive Finnish register data to construct firm-level ownership ...


